It has analogue to the guards in xiangqi. Even today, the word for the queen piece is ферзь (ferz) in Russian, vezér in Hungarian, vezir in Turkish, vazīr in Persian and wazīr in Arabic. Ferz (" counselor" also spelled fers Arabic firz, from Persian فرزين farzīn) moves exactly one square diagonally, which makes it a rather weak piece.Shāh ("king" in Persian) moves like the king in chess.Rules Ĭomplementarity of the shatranj pieces' movements, excluding king and pawn. Over the following centuries, chess became popular in Europe, eventually giving rise to modern chess. 12th century), some forms came back to India as well, as evidenced in the North Indian term māt (mate, derivative from Persian māt) or the Bengali borey (pawn, presumed derived from the Arabic baidaq). With the spread of Islam, chess diffused into the Maghreb and then to Andalusian Spain. As a result, the king could not be captured, and checkmate was the only decisive way of ending a game. Later the Persians added the additional rule that a king could not be moved into check or left in check. This was done to avoid the early and accidental end of a game. 700–800) introduced the idea of warning that the king was under attack (announcing check in modern terminology). 500–700), the king could be captured and this ended the game. The game spread Westwards after the Islamic conquest of Persia and a considerable body of literature on game tactics and strategy was produced from the 8th century onwards. In some later variants the darker squares were engraved. There is also a larger 10×11 board derivative the 14th-century Tamerlane chess, or shatranj kamil (perfect chess), with a slightly different piece structure. Shatranj adapted much of the same rules as chaturanga, and also the basic 16-piece structure. The rules of chaturanga seen in India today have enormous variation, but all involve four branches ( angas) of the army: the horse (knight), the elephant (bishop), the chariot (rook) and the foot soldier (pawn), played on an 8×8 board. 620 AD), is also mentioned in Ferdowsi's Shahnama (c. This incident, originally referred to in the Mâdayân î chatrang (c. The game came with a challenge which was successfully resolved by Khosrau's courtiers. Iranian shatranj set, glazed fritware, 12th century Nishapur ( New York Metropolitan Museum of Art)ĭuring the reign of the later Sassanid king Khosrau I (531–579), a gift from an Indian king (possibly a Maukhari Dynasty king of Kannauj) included a chess game with sixteen pieces of emerald and sixteen of ruby (green vs. Krishna and Radha playing chaturanga on an 8×8 Oshtapata board However, Karnamak contains many fables and legends, and this only establishes the popularity of chatrang at the time of its composition. "By the help of Providence, Ardeshir became more victorious and warlike than all, on the polo and the riding-ground, at Chatrang and Vine-Artakhshir, and in several other arts." In Persian folk etymology, a Persian text refers to Shah Ardashir I, who ruled from 224 to 241, as a master of the game: Antique North Indian Mughul shatranj chess set made from sandalwood. In Middle Persian the word appears as chatrang, with the 'u' lost due to syncope and the 'a' lost to apocope, such as in the title of the text Mâdayân î chatrang ("Book of Chess") from the 7th century AD. The Persian word shatranj ultimately derives from Sanskrit ( Sanskrit: चतुरङ्ग caturaṅga) ( catuḥ: "four" anga: "arm"), referring to the game of the same name: Chaturanga. Also, as will appear, it was believed in Persia that the game arrived there from India. This suggests that the game, as well as its name, came from India. The name of the game in adjoining countries appears to be derived from chaturanga - chatrang in Persian, shatranj in Arabic, Chanderaki in Tibetan are examples. Modern chess gradually developed from this game, as it was introduced to Europe by contacts in Muslim Al-Andalus (modern Spain) and in Sicily in the 10th century. Its origins are in the Indian game of chaturaṅga. Shatranj (Arabic and Persian: شطرنج from Middle Persian chatrang چترنگ) is an old form of chess, as played in the Sasanian Empire. Two shatranj players in a detail from a Persian miniature painting of Bayasanghori Shahname made in 1430 For the 1993 film, see Shatranj (1993 film). For the 1969 film, see Shatranj (1969 film).
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